Teenage Pregnancy The Highest Rate Of Teen Pregnancy

Teen Pregnancy The United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy of most industrialized nations. According to a 2014 article, in 2013 nearly 273,105 babies were born to women aged 15-19 years, for a live birth rate of 26.5 per 1,000 women in this age group. This is a record low for U.S. teens in this age group, and a drop of 10% from 2012. Birth rates fell 13% for women aged 15–17 years, and 8% for women aged 18–19 years. Still, the U.S. teen pregnancy rate is substantially higher than in other western industrialized nations. About Teen Pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19 May 2015. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.Under 18 conceptions result in either a life birth or an†¦show more content†¦Teens also are more likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, or take drugs during pregnancy, which can cause health problems for the baby. According to the American Medical Association (AMA), babies born to women who do not h ave regular prenatal care are 4 times more likely to die before the age of 1 year. In addition to increased health risks, children born to teenage mothers are more likely to experience social, emotional, and other problems. Also increased risk for abuse and neglect.Teen Pregnancy Health Risks to the Baby. - Teen Pregnancy. Stanley J. Swierzewski, III, M.D., 31 Oct. 2000. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. Teens need youth-friendly services and complete, accurate information about abstinence, condoms, and contraception in order to protect themselves from unintended pregnancy. But they also need to be able to envision a positive future for themselves: one in which education, employment, and healthy relationships are possible. Further, empowering youth, and supporting women’s reproductive decisions, means pregnant or parenting teens should be supported, not stigmatized, by both government and culture. But i believe that the cause of teen pregnancy is all

I Consider Myself A Social Drinker - 997 Words

I consider myself a social drinker. The only time I drink is to celebrate a special occasion; for example: birthdays, holiday parties, graduation celebration, end of semester celebration, and etc. However, every once in a while I will go to a happy hour with some friends. I have never been the type of person who likes to drink a lot. I do enjoy drinking every now and then but it will never be something I do on a daily basis. There is no specific reason why I am not a heavy drinker I just choose to be a social drinker. My number one rule when it comes to drinking is â€Å"No Drinking and Driving†, that is something I absolutely hate. It is very unsafe and puts you at risk of endangering self and others lives. From my experience, I have been intoxicated a few times and got in the car with others who were intoxicated as well. I know that was not the best decision and that is something I will never do again. However, nothing outrageous occurred and I am thankful for that. But as I am getting older I take precaution with that and will never get in the car with anyone who is under the influence. It is way too many precious lives that have been lost because of irresponsible drinking and driving, which caused a tremendous amount of car accidents. I try my best to encourage my peers not to drink and drive because of how dangerous the outcome can be. I have noticed during my last two semester of undergrad my relationship with some of my peers who enjoys drinking was falling apart becauseShow MoreRelatedWhat I Have Thought About Addiction823 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"habit† besides drinking coffee regularly, however, I have more knowledge about alcohol consumption. Partially due to of my cultural background and costume, we/I viewed moderate alcohol assumption as a norm behavior. For instance, in most occasions’ alcohol use was part of celebration. Although I know some exceptions do exist that attributes to certain religions. What I have thought about addiction is a chronic, but treatable disorder. I am aware of that people who are addicted cannot controlRead MoreAdvertising Subtopic Review (Summary Overview)912 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertising budget is over $4.9 billion which is virtually equivalent to what is spent on advertising other beverages from milk to fruit juice. The alcohol beverage industry especially targets the youth by using animation characters, product placement, and social media. The alcohol beverage industry uses animation characters such as the Budweiser frogs, new beverages for example wine coolers that were appealing to the younger people in the 1980’s. Product placement is carefully considered. Magazines and televisionRead MoreBinge Drinking on College Campuses Essay992 Words   |  4 Pagesfour drinks per night for a female. [Wechsler #1, 2] Many students might believe that only having four or five drinks a night does not make them a binge drinker, I know I don’t like to think of myself as one but the definition says I am. According to our survey 70% of males under 21 and 53% of females under 21 are considered to be binge drinkers on the fact they drink over four or five drinks per night. [O’Kane 1] The problem of binge drinking is here, no matter what one may think drinking inRead MoreMy Career Self Assessment Worksheet1298 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics are associated with it. Do you find yourself displaying those characteristics often? The results also suggest careers that suit your personality type. Think about the careers listed and the information provided that describes each one. Consider which career you would like to explore further and think about how well your personality fits that career. Note: You can revisit your results at any time by logging in to TypeFocus, clicking on Returning Users, Login! and entering just your emailRead MoreAlcohol Consumption in the US Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesnot college students. It also gives a lot of pertinent information and statistics about binge drinking amongst US adults. An interview with Ann Wooten, President of the House Corporation Board of Chi Omega a sorority at UNC Chapel Hill, conducted by myself, is a worthy contribution to the dialogue in progress, because it proves that alcohol consumption amongst US college students is life-threatening and is a growing epidemic that has been sweeping the US for years. The interview also brings the â€Å"conversation†Read MoreCoffee Trends in Denmark2154 Words   |  9 Pagesbest. Nescafà © is a subsidiary of Nestlà ©. Nestlà © is a very old and experienced company on the market and they have been for a long time, that’s why they have a very well known company. Weaknesses Nescafà © are not very good at promoting Dolce Gusto. I have not seen a commercial for Dolce Gusto ever. Especially compared to Nespresso, which also is a subsidiary from Nestlà ©. Nespresso have used Georg Clooney whom is a very well known American actor, in their TV-commercials. The variety of capsules inRead MoreCONSIDER SYSTEMIC ISSUES IN A COUNSELLING CASE STUDY.2355 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ D240 TMA 03 CONSIDER SYSTEMIC ISSUES IN A COUNSELLING CASE STUDY. INTRODUCTION Therapeutic approaches to counselling have evolved over the last century as therapists’ attempt to help their clients’ resolve negative patterns of thoughts and emotions. Whilst fear and sadness are said to be naturally occurring human emotions that evolve and form part of ‘life and living’, society is becoming increasingly aware of the negative physiological implications of stress caused by changes in environmentalRead MoreMarket Segment Analysis to Target Young Adult Wine Drinkers7369 Words   |  30 PagesMarket Segment Analysis to Target Young Adult Wine Drinkers Elizabeth C. Thach School of Business and Economics, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave., Rohnert Park, CA 94928. E-mail: Liz.Thach@sonoma.edu Janeen E. Olsen School of Business and Economics, Sonoma State University, 1801 E. Cotati Ave., Rohnert Park, CA 94928. E-mail: Janeen.Olsen@sonoma.edu ABSTRACT Consumer segmentation in the wine industry takes on many forms: demographic, geographic, behavioral, and others+ In theRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By Wright Mills1816 Words   |  8 Pagestime of publication, his genius remains a posthumous staple in American pragmatism. In this piece, I will be applying the sociological imagination to my own life. In specific, I will discuss my transition from high school to college and how I became susceptible to alcohol and drug use. Personal Explanation After I graduated high school in 2012, I moved to Wolfforth and started SPC in the fall semester. I was living with my father, stepmother, and stepsister at that time. While they were gracious enoughRead MoreI Am A Self Proclaimed Matchmaker1870 Words   |  8 Pages yes. This love story begins with me. The matchmaker. I am not the usual matchmaker – not the Million Dollar Matchmaker you see on reality T.V. No. I am a self-proclaimed matchmaker. I am Auntie Ell. That’s what everyone calls me. Auntie Ell. I have this knack to help people along with their romances. Being single, I find it easy to look at two people and imagine them together, as in a couple. I chalk it up to my creative writing mind, but I have no harsh intentions in trying to help formulate love

Impact Of Compensation In Reducing Employee Benefits In CIH Bank

Question: Discuss about the Impact Of Compensation Benefits In Reducing Employee Turnover In CIH Bank Casablanca Morocco. Answer: Introduction Background and Statement of the problem The CIH (Crdit immobilier et htelierBank) has for a long period experienced peace with its employee. It has been in a position to provide very nice services to the workers. For the past one decade, the CIH Bank has been able to retain its employees with certainty. According to, The Network of Moroccan Listed Companies, (2016), the bank is rated top ten in Morocco banking services. The organization ofmanagement team starts from the top management, there is also the middle and the low management. The topmanagement has enjoyed the Banks services than any other department. The managers at this level like the CEOs can praise the services offered by the bank. Their compensation benefits match their expectations. As we go down the management levels, the middle managers in CIH Bank has less employee compensation benefits. 12.5% of the middle level management are still not contented. When we come to the low management, things are worse. The lower management are always complaining of their compensation benefits (Hancock et al., 2013, p.273). Though they are there, there is nobody to offer them. The top management has violated the psychological contract of their employee. This has resulted to employee turnover in the CIH Bank. Every year, there is recruitment of very many employees in CIH Bank. Many of the recruited personnel are from the low management. After the turn over, the management always keep on recruiting a new work force in the lower management. Instead of retaining the old employee, they overlook their compensation benefits and thus, employee decides to quit to another organization (Moore and Viscusi, 2014, p.41). Low management turnover in the bank has caused slow development of the bank. Low man agent are the main implementers of all the decisions that are passed from the top management. When it is experienced that, only the low management team are not satisfied with the working conditions, appraising th em with compensation benefits would reduce the employee turnover in CIH Bank, Morocco. Justification of the research The research will be of much benefit to the CIH Bank and the management at large as it will be investigating to give concrete findings on how employee turnover can be minimized by compensation benefits to the employee. The scholars also who will come across this research will be able to develop their managerial skills and also apply the research technique portrayed in this research. Purpose of the Research The research will be seeking to collect information about the compensation benefits offered to employees in CIH Bank. It will also purpose to evaluate the cases of employee turnover in CIH Bank and use the data analytically to explain the impact of compensation benefits I reducing the employee turnover. Research Questions The research will be answering the following questions: What are the impacts of compensation benefits in reducing employee turnover in CIH Bank? What are the possible methods that the Bank top managers can use in compensating employee in CIH Bank? Research Hypothesis Compensation benefits helps in reducing employee turnover Providing the employee with compensation benefits increases the productivity of the employee in an organization. Research Objectives The research will seek to: Investigate the impacts of compensation benefits in reducing employee turnover in CIH Bank, Morocco. Evaluating the possible methods usable by the bank top managers in compensating employee in CIH Bank. Evaluate the performance and productivity level of a well-compensated employee. Literature Review Compensation and reward program are items that fits the employee in an organization. It may include the salary that one is given after the agreed time and may also mean the direct and indirect, or the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards that the employer is given as appraisals for motivating them. Any organization need to develop the program so that the employer may be in a position to know what exactly would happen to him/her if he did something recommendable. For instance, the employee on the ground can be rewarded after a certain level of sales for the company and thus, they e=will be motivated to work extra hard for more reward (Taylor, 2016, p.166). According McDonald (2008) and the system theory of management, the organization acts like a system. The system, which is the organization, has got many parts. The defined parts functions separately but with a single and specific objective. The organizations., for instance a banking organization like CIH Bank has got many departments. The departments are the parts of the system. Each part should harmonize so that the results may be clear at the end. However, when the parts of the systems are ignored, there results discord and many at times, there results to employee turnover in the organization. McDonald says that, when one organizational unit is neglected or weakened, the whole system is likely to collapse (Cerasoli, Nicklin and Ford, 2014, p.980). Mostly, the low management are forgotten, not rewarded for achievements, not compensated for good work, sometimes their basic salary comes very late while the top management received it earlier and all becomes unpleasant to the employee. T urnover follows and the company loses its service power. According to Deci and Ryans theory of motivation, they propose two types of motivation, Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Compensation benefits and rewards falls under extrinsic motivation (Deci and Ryan, 2014, p.53). An employees actions are influenced by some string desires to attain or achieve something when they are sure of a tangible reward (Olafsen et al., 2015, p.447). It suggests that once the employer is sure of compensation benefits, he will be in a position to perform better and make the reward once again. The research therefore, relates all these concepts from existing literature to investigate employee turnover in CIH Bank as a result of poor, inadequate or no compensation. The theories there above will be related to actual data collected and the actual cases of the research for validity and accuracy in application. Research Methodology: Theoretical framework The theories for the research will be the theory of motivation by Deci and Ryan (2012) on intrinsic and extrinsic theory. It will assist to explain the impact of compensation of reducing turnover of employee. The management theories will also be used in the research. More specifically, the system theory of management and the X and Y theory. Research Design The research will involve descriptive survey. It will involve interviewing and administration of questionnaires to the samples which will be selected for the research. The survey will be usable to collect quantifiable data from the intended sample. The research will also use simple descriptive design. The design will be used to establish the relationship between the variables for the research Gollenia, 2016, P.103). Target population and sampling technique The research will be carried to the population in CIH Bank, Morocco. The samples will be selected by purposive sampling. The researcher will use the samples selected from the basis of the information needed. In this case, the researcher will use approximately 30 samples. Fifteen (15) of these samples will be obtained from the low management, then ten of the samples will be selected from the middle management and five of the samples will be obtained from the top management. The selected samples will be the representatives of the whole banking organization. Data Collection and Analysis procedure The data will be collected through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaire will include both the open headed items and closed ended items. The open headed questions will give the respondent a chance to express themselves fully without the questionnaire limitations. Some closed ended questions are few in number and the respondent is free to fill in any of them. The researcher will also employ interviews. A third of each sample group will be asked to be interviewed by the researcher. Data will be analyzed by quantitative technique. The collected data from the questionnaires will need to be quantified and analyzed by using a statistical tool, most probably the SPSS software. Access to data and ethical issues Prior, I will first seek the letter of good conduct from a certified body and from my school and inform the bank management a month earlier. It will help them to sit and discuss my request and give me a positive feedback. During the research, I will assure the respondents to my research tools that all the information that they will be giving to me is safe and confidential. It will help avoid suspicion from licking out the information. I will consider personal discipline, through someones presentation, I will be received. I will observe good communication ques and etiquette. I will avoid imposing questions to the respondent if they will not be willing to answer a certain question. Finally, I will avoid being biased in my research, from sampling, data collection and data analysis. Timescale WEEKS ACTIVITY ACTIVITIES ALLOCATED PER WEEK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Introduction: Drafting of the background of CIH Bank. Reading the existing literature Drafting and preparing the research tools Carrying out of the Field Research Data Analysis and Interpretation Research Write up and submission References Arekar, K., Jain, R., Desphande, B. and Sherin, P., 2016. Relationship between individual and structural determinants on job satisfactionanalysis of employee turnover in the Indian context. The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(6), pp.387-398. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015. Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T., 2014. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 140(4), p.980. Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M., 2014. Autonomy and need satisfaction in close relationships: Relationships motivation theory. In Human motivation and interpersonal relationships (pp. 53-73). Springer Netherlands. Gollenia, L.A., 2016. Business Transformation Management Methodology. Routledge. Hancock, J.I., Allen, D.G., Bosco, F.A., McDaniel, K.R. and Pierce, C.A., 2013. Meta-analytic review of employee turnover as a predictor of firm performance. Journal of Management, 39(3), pp.573-603. Kim, D.H., Lin, S.C. and Chen, T.C., 2016. Financial structure, firm size and industry growth. International Review of Economics Finance, 41, pp.23-39. Moore, M.J. and Viscusi, W.K., 2014. Compensation mechanisms for job risks: wages, Workers' Compensation, and product liability. Princeton University Press. Olafsen, A.H., Halvari, H., Forest, J. and Deci, E.L., 2015. Show them the money? The role of pay, managerial need support, and justice in a self?determination theory model of intrinsic work motivation. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 56(4), pp.447-457. Oubenal, M., 2016. Crony interlockers and the centrality of banks: the network of moroccan listed companies. Taylor, S., 2016. 9. Compensation policy and employee turnover. Research Handbook on Employee Turnover, p.166. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013. Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Music and Evolution Essay Example

Music and Evolution Essay Music and evolution An evaluation of the selective pressures on the origins of music and language L. T. T. Hagemans Blok 3. 6 Bachelor thesis Begeleider: Dr. Harry Smit Universiteit Maastricht Faculteit der Psychologie Biologische afstudeerrichting ABSTRACT It is possible to survive without music. Therefore the origins of mu sic were not immediately considered to be an evolutionary adaptation relieving a specific selective pressure. However, cumulating evidence point to the biological significance of music. Musicality originates early in development, it can serve as a mood regulator, facilitates group cohesion and cooperation, and it affects pair bonding during sexual selection. Until recently these theories did not provide a complete and precise story of the how and when questions about the evolution of music. This study attends the question of possible selective pressures on the evolution of music. The latest theory called Hmmmmm communication incorporates the former theories and is supported by archaeological evidence dating the origins of music much further back in time. Hmmmmm communication implies a shared evolutionary ancestor of music and language, which signifies that one is not derivative of the other. During the evolutionary trajectory several important adaptations like bipedalism and reduced sexual dimorphism resulted in the gradational evolution of Hmmmmm communication that eventually split into the precursors of the language and music we are familiar with today. 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 THE SCIENCE OF EVOLUTIONARY MUSICOLOGY . 6 1. 1 Types of evidence 7 1. 2 Pitfalls of an evolutionary theory of music .. 8 2 MUSIC AND LANGUAGE . 10 2. 1 Similarities concerning the human species and human society. 10 2. Similarities concerning the structure of language and music . 11 2. 3 Differences .. 12 2. 4 Independence between music and language .. 13 2. 5 Modularity of music and language 14 3 MUSIC AND EMOTION .. 16 3. Mother-infant communication of emotion . 16 3. 2 Musical communication of emotion . 17 3. 3 The emotional effects of music .. 17 4 SEXUAL SELECTION .. 19 4. 1 Mechanisms of sexual selection . 19 4. Miller’s wrong interpretation: problems with sexual selection of music .. 19 5 GROUP SELECTION . 21 5. 1 Group cohesion .. 21 5. 2 Mood synchronisation and cooperation .. 21 5. 3 Social bonding 2 6 HMMMMM THEORY 23 6. 1 Indirect selection pressures .. 23 6. 2 Bipedalism 23 6. 3 Singing Neanderthal hypothesis . 24 DISCUSSION . 6 REFERENCES 28 3 INTRODUCTION In reply to the question â€Å"what is music? † people are often inclined to answer that â€Å"music is the language of emotion†. Although this phrase has become a catchy cliche, we still know little about why it has a ny meaning to us humans. Intuitively it looks rather comprehensible but when we try to explain music we come into trouble. Why do we see music as a language and how can this non-sentient entity communicate the most profound emotions to us? We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Evolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Evolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Evolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is hard to define music considering the many diverging descriptions for it. Greek philosophers and medieval theorists defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies, and vertically as harmonies. But disagreement of music as being only pleasant melodies led future composers to explore darker, harsher, and afterwards atonal melodies. Later on contemporary composers even used noise as a way to make music, and according to them any sound could be seen as music. Musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez (1990) states that even within a single society there is no consensus about the border between music and noise. Therefore, ‘there is no single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be’. According to another (ethno)musicologist, Bruno Nettl (1983), music is ‘human sound communication outside t he scope of language’. This description covers a lot but then again it fails to define the artistic statement made by composer John Cage in 1952. His composition 4,33 consist of nothing but four and a half minutes of silence signifying that apart from soun d, silence is a key aspect of music. It is even harder to identify the origins of music. Considering the amount of effort and enjoyment we take in producing and listening to music one has to wonder how on earth all this brouhaha about the arrangement of so unds came to be. The old age and ubiquity of music demonstrate the inbred appreciation people have for music. But where does our predisposition to engage in music come from? When thinking about the origins of music it is tempting to assume an evolutionary explanation for it. After all, everything in nature that exists today must have had some adaptive value in the past otherwise it would not exist at all. The existence of music is all the more mysterious then, because it does not seem to serve any purpose in our survival or reproduction. This is presumably the reason for the considerable controversy surrounding the questions of the origin, biological significance, and function of music. Steven Pinker (1997) argues that music is nothing more than ‘auditory cheesecake’, an evolutionary spin-off from language. In addition to Pinker, David Huron (2001) questioned the evolutionary origins of 4 music and underlined the post hoc argumentation of evolutionary theorizing. He also points out the complex genesis of music evolution and agrees with a premusical adaptation but also suggests a co-evolution with culture. Although not very convinced of an evolutionary theory for music, Huron argues that music can facilitate social bonding. In contrast, Charles Darwin (1871) ar gued for music as a biological adaptation in sexual selection. Geoffrey Miller (2000) amplified Darwin’s sexual selection theory emphasizing the fact that music production is highest during adolescence at the time when males are most active in human courtship. The most promising hypothesis is the ‘Hmmmmm’ theory from cognitive archaeologist Steven Mithen (2005). Hmmmmm stands for Holistic, multi-modal, manipulative, music mimetic and is thought to be the common evolutionary ancestor of language and music. Although several researchers (e. g. Brown, 2000; Wray, 2002) have set an example for the idea of a precursory proto or musilanguage, Mithen’s hypothesis provides a more complete picture combining data from multiple disciplines with archaeological evidence. In order to understand more about the origins of music it is vital to spend a great deal of notice to the evolution of language, but it could also work the other way around. Either way the parallel study of language and music can make a large contributio n to the advance in science in contrast to dealing with them separately. Also, more and more studies are beginning to show the practical benefits of music therapy for mental and physical health. Furthermore, music has positive effects on mood, learning and creativity. Therefore, knowledge of the origins of music can be of great use to science and society. It is a great mystery that although we could easily survive without music it has such a big impact on our emotions. It has the power to make someone cry or cause shivers down the spine, the ability to cheer up crowds at a concert or soothe a baby in distress. It appears that the faculty of music is one that we industriously endeavour. The question is: what made us this way? Perhaps the evolution of language, emotion or sexual evolution can help to explain the origins of music. However, the theories of music evolution are diverse and on their own they do not provide a clear picture. The aim of this research is to evaluate the natural and sexual selection theories of music to see if an evolutionary argument can be made for the origins of music and its counterpart language. Therefore the question will be: What are the possible selection pressures for the evolution of music in relation to language? 5 1 THE SCIENCE OF EVOLUTIONARY MUSICOLOGY In providing a basic framework for the study of the biology of music, Wallin (1991) distinguished three branches in this field (fig. 1). The first of which, evolutionary musicology, deals with the origins of music and employs the data of the other two branches as well. In search of musical origins evolutionary musicologists look for clues provided by evolutionary psychology, archaeology, and animal studies like bird song but especially utterances of primates from chimpanzees, gorillas, bonobos, geladas, gibbons, and vervet monkeys. Apart from that evolutionary musicology makes use of data from neurological studies that consist mainly of fMRI studies for specific brain areas (whether or not shared with language); lesion or pathological studies like aphasia and amusia; and developmental studies with evidence of early innate musical abilities. Comparative studies can be carried out by making comparisons, of which there are two types. Comparative musicology (also referred to as ethnomusicology) is affected with comparisons between humans from different cultures or ethnical backgrounds. Comparative (or animal) psychology is concerned with comparisons between humans and animals, i. e. nonhuman animals (e. g. song -birds) and humanlike animals (e. g. primates). Fig. 1 Classification of the disciplines within biomusicology by Wallin (1991). This study is focussed on evolutionary musico logy. 6 1. 1 Types of evidence A clear view of the science of evolutionary musicology is made easier by tak ing a brief look at the types of evidence that are used to discover the origins of music. Genetic evidence. This would be the best type of evidence for an evolutionary account of music, but until now there has not been any solid evidence of a gene for e. g . musical talent or absolute pitch. Both Miller (2000) and Huron (2001) emphasize on the need for genetic evidence for the conclusiveness of the evolutionary origins of music. In the case of language however, the FOXP2 gene suggests some heredity of language (Enard t al. 2002). FOXP2 is a gene that is implicated in the development of language skills, including grammatical competence. It is possible that this gene could be relevant to music as well. Neurological evidence. The presence of specialized brain structures is consistent with innate developmental dispositions producing music abilities in contrast to solely due to learning or conditioning. However, specialized structures are neither a prerequisite nor a sufficiency for music to be an evolutionary adaptation. On the other hand, shared brain structures e. . with language would suggest a shared evolution in the past. Psychological evidence. These can range from developmental data of the early musical abilities of babies to cognitive data about the rules and mechanisms of the systems we call music and language. For a faculty, like music, to classify as a complex human adaptation there are several classic criteria (Miller, 2000). The fact that music satisfies the criterion of an orderly development schedule makes a strong evolutionary argument for its adaptive value. Ethological evidence. Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior considered as a branche of zoology. It studies the instinctive natural traits as opposed to those found in laboratory environments. In the case of music, it is concerned with the consistency of musical behaviors with survival and propagation of genes. For example studies about the variety of alarm or mating calls from chaimpanzees to gibbons. Comparative evidence. Comparative psychology also studies animal behavior, but, as opposed to ethology, construes its study as a branch of psychology rather than as one of biology. Thus, where ethology sees the study of animal behavior in the context of what is known about animal anatomy and physiology, comparative psychology sees the study of animal behavior in the context of what is known about human psychology. Anthropological evidence. This is the evidence that coincides with comparative musicology. For example, different cultures are compared and when a universal feature is found it can be attributed to evolution. Selection pressures have caused a common design 7 feature among cultural diversity. For instance there is not a single culture or cummunity to be found on earth that does not engage in music. Thus, ubiquity is a sound evolutionary argument for music to have (had) adaptive value. Also, paleoanthropology can provide clues about the ideal circumstances in which music could have arisen. For example bipedalism has had a great influence on music development among others (Mithen, 2005). Archeological evidence. The earliest evidence of music is believed to be a bone flute although there is some debate about its authenticy of approximately 50,000 years old found in Divje Babe, Slovenia (Ivan Turk, 1995 in Mithen, 2005). Of course early hominids could have used sticks and stones prior to self-made instrument or simply singing for that matter but these clues are irretracable. Huron (2001) estimates the antiquity of music to be 250,000 years old. However, Mithen (2005) argues that before homonids could actually have begun to sing they had to have the ability to sing. Therfore selection pressures on music are dated back much further to 5 milion years ago were singing was becoming possible through means of other adaptations not directly related to music. Either way, the antiquity of music is another evolutionary argument for its adaptation. . 2 Pitfalls of an evolutionary theory of music When theorizing about the evolution of music one h as to be very cautious. The problem with evolutionary theories is the hindsight bias. It seduces us to post hoc reasoning; that particular adaptations were designed for a particular purpose, while in fact one should rather focus on why all the other designs have ceased t o exist. In other words, why has the surviving adaptation escaped the clean-up. There are some problems to tackle, which will become clear by attending to some basic questions. Is music an evolutionary adaptation? While most evidence is based on the assumption that there had to have been an evolution of music, this does not have to be necessarily so. There are several psychologists who do not think the evidence in support of music as an evolutionary adaptation is strong (e. g. Pinker, 1997; Huron, 2001). However, there is also no evidence that would pose a serious threat for an evolutionary theory of music. Moreover, according to Miller (2000) music satisfies many of the classis criteria for a complex adaptation. How could music have evolved? Present-day there are numerous possible candidates for the selection pressures of music evolution. These fall into all four categories: natural selection, sexual selection, group selection, and cultural selection. Moreover, Huron (2001) 8 argues that if music is indeed an evolutionary adaptation, then it will probably have a complex genesis. It could be built upon several other adaptations e. g. for language. It might represent several adaptations that are all placed under the same denominator i. e. music. It co uld be involving a complex co -evolution with culture. Or, it could be that music used to have survival value in the past but is now merely vestigial (e. g. like the human appendix, or tonsils). Thus, there are a lot of hypothesis to choose from. Do language and music have a common precursor? In extension to the previous question, there are distinct patterns of evolution (Hauser McDermott, 2003). Homoplasies are traits that started as two distinct lineages but ended in an evolutionary convergence (convergent evolution). Homologies are traits that are descendant from a common ancestor. Music is believed to be a homology to language. However, there are four possible theories for the evolution of music and speech: 1) music evolved from speech, 2) speech evolved from music, 3) both evolved from a common ancestor, or 4) music and language evolved in parallel to each other (Brown, 2000; Mithen, 2005). Are there language and music universals? Since Chomsky (1957), language is said to have a universal basis that can be found in all languages over the world. Chomsky points out to the fact that children learn language very fast and without much effort, which led him to think there is an innate language system. This system accounts for the fact that grammar is learned automatically and after learning the rules of language one can make infinite combinations of words with finite means. Because of its presumably shared history with language, music is also suggested to have such a universal. However, the notion of a musical grammar is contentious and only one theory (Lerdahl Jackendoff, 1983) has been put forward until now. Moreover, some studies show that grammar is not reserved to humans only. Starlings are able to recognize recursive grammar (Gentner et al. 2006), which is difficult to reconcile with the notion that recursion (the grammatical process of embedding) is attributed strictly to humans (Hauser et al. 2002). Also, several researchers suggest that language depends much on the use of holistic, that is prefabricate d, expressions (e. g. pig in a poke) instead of grammar (e. g. Wray, 2002). Is music a result of culture? While focusing on biological issues, it is wrong to assume that t he effects of culture on music were minimal. It seems implausible that the complexity o f music is due solely to the force of nature. Therefore, music evolution is bound to have had some cultural influence. 9 2 MUSIC AND LANGUAGE In trying to find out the origins of music and a possible evolutionary history with language it helps to look at t he similarities and differences between music and language. Similarities could serve as evidence for a dependence of music and language to the same underlying mechanisms, while the differences point to a divergence between the two. Of course one has to not e that similarities are no conclusive evidence of a common ancestor while these similarities could be the resulting homoplasies of a convergent evolution. In order for music to be a ‘language of emotion’ it would be forced to evolve into a system with language-like characteristics, implying a common origin. On the other hand, this line of thought is not very convincing because music and language have just too many important similarities for these to be chance occurrences alone, as pointed out by Brown (2000 ). At the same time Mithen (2005) argues that music is or eventually became too different from music to be a spin-off from language (Pinker, 1997). 2. Similarities concerning the human species and human society Universality. Music and language are universal among humans; they are present in all human societies. This can be observed not only on the level of societies or cultures but also on the individual level. Humans have a general capacity to acquire linguistic and musical competence. It is important to notice the unbalance between music and language production. Because language is far more practical for communicati on it is used more often than music and therefore it is practiced on a daily basis. This has the effect that the production of music is limited to a relatively small group of people leading to a non-universal appearance. Nevertheless, there are no unmusical people only untrained ones; after all, ‘unmusical’ people are perfectly capable of listening to and distinguishing patterns of sound. If music was taught as intensely as language in the early days at school, we could make music as easily as talking or writing. In other non-western cultures where more people engage in everyday music making, this unbalance exists indeed to a much lesser extent (Blacking, 1973). Human specificity. Both music and language are specific to the human species only. It is possible to consider bird song or gibbon duets ‘music’, but that would be a human interpretation. Music produced by animals has a simplistic and arbitrary nature and animals are not able to play with words or notes as humans are. 10 Cultural diversity. Among cultures there is a wide variety of music forms and present day more than six thousand languages are spoken in the world (Mithen, 2005). Like languages, cultural differences in music are determined by stylistic, geographical and social boundaries. The cultural diversity is a result of cultural transmission via generations and between societies, which makes identifying the boundaries difficult. For instance, when did Latin became Italian or Classical music became Romantic? It is also suggested that the cultural diversity is constrained by universal features underlying language and music (e. g. Blacking, 1973). 2. 2 Similarities concerning the structure of language and music Modes of expression. Music and language are the two primary acoustic communicative systems of our species. They both share three different modes of expression: vocally, physically, and in writing. Vocalizations are recognized in speech and song, body movement is used with sign language (or gestures) and dance, and both systems can be written down. Hierarchical structure. Because of its clear-cut description the following text is a citation of Sloboda’s notion of hierarchical structure: â€Å"It is common to consider a human language as comprising three components: phonology – a way of characterising the basic sound units of a language; syntax – the rules governing the way in which sound units are combined; and semantics – the way in which meaning is assigned to sound sequences. Music seems to break down quite naturally into the same three components† (Sloboda, 1985). Within the phonological level the acoustical elements of both music and language can be divided into two sublevels (Sherer Zentner, 2001). 1) Segmental features are the acoustic characteristics of the building blocks (segments) of a structure. In music, those building blocks are the individual sounds produced by the singing voice or an instrument, corresponding to phones of the phonemes (a set of phones) in speech. Segmental features are the features that describe the acoustic structure of the individual tone segments (building blocks). The segmental features are basically the same for music and language, namely: duration, energy, pitch, and – in the case of music timbre. 2) Suprasegmental features are defined by Sherer and Zentner as ‘the systematic configurational changes in sound sequences over time’, and lie on top of the segmental features. In speech these are for exa mple prosody, intonation and stress, while in music comparable features are melody, tempo and rhythm. Molino (2000) and Mithen (2005) underline the melodic and rhythmic component in speech, which is necessary to perform proper prosody and conversation. 1 Combinatorial systems. As mentioned above, language and music have a structure of hierarchical nature that consists of the small acoustic elements (words or tones) that can be combined into larger phrases (utterances or melodies) and those can be combined aga in to make linguistic or musical discourse (Mithen, 2005). These combinations can lead to recursion: a linguistic or mu sical phrase is embedded within another phrase of a similar type. With recursion an infinite range of expressions can be generated from a set of finite elements. While animals are constraint to a finite and small set of utterances in the communicative repertoire, humans can generate infinite numbers of novel sequences that they have never heard before (Hauser et al. , 2002). Thus music and language are both generative combinatorial systems. 2. 3 Differences Symbols. The nature of the discrete units (words or tones) in the hierarchical structures is completely different. Language uses symbols that have a referential meaning based on an arbitrary association between the symbols and the referent (e. g. dog’ refers to a hairy animal that barks but the word does not look or sound like a dog). In music the notes do not refer to anything not even emotions, so there are no symbols in music only emotional expressions. It is the holistic phrase in a piece of music that obtains an emotional load. The only meaning that music can have is that carnival music ‘means’ more to people below the rivers in Holland than for people above. This is similar to the not ion of Wagner’s use of ‘leitmotifs’ in his operas; although it represents something outside the scope of music, the message of the music itself remains without any literal meaning. However, the formulaic aspects of language (like in a saying for instance) have a greater similarity with music than we tend to think. Just like in music it makes no sense to separate the individual pieces of an expression because then the meaning of the expression is lost e. g. trying to translate the Dutch saying â€Å"met je neus in de boter vallen† word by word, does not contribute anything to its understanding. In a similar way separating the opening notes of Beethoven’s Fifth (e. g. by ten seconds) eliminates its meaning completely. Grammar. Because of the rules of grammar, ‘lion k ills man’ means something different than ‘man kills lion’. Chomsky stated with his ‘poverty of the stimulus’ argument that the acquisition of grammatical rules by children is too incredible considering that the grammar rules have to be abstracted from the utterances they hear. He therefore proposed that there is an innate set of predispositions, a ‘Universal Grammar’, in the human species, which 12 helps in acquiring grammar. Researchers like Lerdahl and Jackendoff (1983) went in search for a musical equivalent of the universal grammar but it soon turned out that the rules of musical style are fundamentally different from the rules of language. Unlike in ‘lion kills man’ changing the order of the notes in a piece of music does not change its meaning, because there is no meaning to be changed in the first place. Another difference between the rules of music and language is the change through time. Because language has to remain understandable to have a function it has to remain stable and therefore cannot change much (Mithen, 2005). Music on the other hand is changed a lot because deviation and renewal is appreciated in music. We can observe that language indeed changes at a much slower pace than musical styles evolve. For example the word ‘gay’ meant something different before the 1970’s but the number one on the top 40 hit -list changes every few weeks and a completely new music style can develop within years if not months. Information transmission. Music is a non-referential system of communication and lacks any clear communicative function. There is no information transmitted like in the case of language, but it can move us on a very deep level. Therefore music is said to be purely manipulative and language is said to be referential. However, language can be manipulative as well, for instance when somebody tells us something to do we are driven to action (Mithen, 2005). 2. 4 Independence between music and language To discover if the similarities and differences between music and language can be reduced to structures in the brain one is assigned to the domain of neuropsychology. From this discipline the lesion studies and studies of pathologies like amusia and aphasia provide a great deal of evidence. Amusia is a deficit in processing or producing music, while apha sia is the deficit in understanding or producing language (Mithen, 2005). Amusia can be congenital from birth -, or acquired after brain damage. There are also several types of aphasia. Broca’s aphasia is an intact understanding of language but the ina bility to speak. Wernicke’s aphasia is the reversal of this; while patients are able to speak but their utterances are meaningless and they cannot understand words that are spoken to them. Also differences in degradation can be distinguished; global aphasia comprises the whole loss of language abilities; anomic aphasia on the other hand is restricted to not being able to find the appropriate words when speaking. A t ypical case of aphasia is that of the Russian composer Shebalin who suffered a severe stroke in the temporal and parietal regions of his left hemisphere. He was not able to 13 understand people or make comprehensible utterances but his musical abilities remained untouched. During his disorder he even finished his Fifth symphony, which was considered a brilliant and artistic piece of music by his contemporaries. Other cases show similar symptoms but there is a lot of variation (Mithen, 2005). Some patients differ in the capacity to recognize environmental sounds, foreign languages and linguistic prosod y. Again others have different recovery rates for musical, verbal and environmental sound recognition. The existence of a dissociation between recognizing words, music, or environmental sounds suggests that there is not one but rather two distinct modules for processing auditory information: one for speech and one for sound (Peretz Coltheart, 2003). In the cases of amusia patients

Designer comparision essays

Designer comparision essays Armin Hofmanns effect and significance as a Swiss designer included published the Graphic design manual: principals and practice in 1965. This book became a reference for many young designers and thus created a sort of design recipe that could be followed and repeated by others. This is one of the limitations of some of his work, it created a guidebook or path to follow that could be simply adding styling to create the international style. Hofmann was also an educator at Basle. His values were formal and focused on function, creating a science out of design. The limitations of his design were the rather rigid form and lack of self-expression on behalf of the designer. It seems to separate the designer from his/her work, rather than allowing them to work together. Weingarts opened Basle up to experimentation with typography and the concept that you can break the design rules of the day. He played with the elements of type while still expressing clarity and order. He brought liberal views and values to Basle in the late 60s. With his Non conformist style, reversing the avant-garde direction of the systematic designing. He played with shapes, aggressive color and expressed himself through his own design, while still keeping things in some sort of order and clarity. His work simply expressed and communicated the message, without adding unnecessary decorations or styling to the piece. Both Hofmann and Weigngarts work and teachings while at Basal influenced April Griman. Her work exemplifies both the formal values of Swiss typography and the visual experimentation and freedom that Weigngart expressed. This is showed in her book jacket cover for Building in LA, where she used aggressive visuals, and color mixed with ordered typography, to maintain the simplicity of the subject and message. ...

Future professional of tourism Essays

Future professional of tourism Essays Future professional of tourism Essay Future professional of tourism Essay Introduction New touristry is an of import topic for future professional of touristry. To work in this sector we have to be cognizant of new signifier, new inclination and new finishs. Travel Sellerss have to cognize supply and demand in this field. Our file is a glance of some new ways of travel and new finishs. We need to maintain watching on this new signifier of touristry because it is really competitory sector. That s why we have chosen to depict two new finishs and two new signifier of touristry. In one portion we explain couchsurfing that is a new signifier of touristry based on people exchanges. It is about a manner of life with values and aspirations. Une phrase Sur la partie de reb. : In a 2nd portion, we show two new finishs. First Bulgaria, its figure of visitants has increased by 4000000 in 8 old ages. This state with a seashore on Black sea is more and more visited particularly by Europeans. Phrase sur partie de Reb. Tourism evolves and new signifiers are created Couch surfboarding CouchSurfing s definition Couchsurfing is a new manner of going based on sharing. An organisation based on Internet ( www.couchsurfing.com ) manages the connexions between people. CouchSurfing is an international non-profit web that connects travellers with locals in over 230 states and districts around the universe. A couch or a sleeping room is offered to a visitant by a local for his stay. Since 2004, members have been utilizing this system to come together for cultural exchange, friendly relationship, and larning experiences. Today, over a million people who might otherwise neer meet are able to portion cordial reception and cultural apprehension. Our mission as an organisation is to make inspiring experiences: cross-cultural brushs that are fun, piquant, and lighting. These experiences take many signifiers. CouchSurfing s initial focal point was on hosting and surfboarding ( remaining with a local as a invitee in their place ) . Alongside these nucleus experiences, we now besides facilitate a turning array of activities and events. [ 1 ] CouchSurfing members portion cordial reception with one another. These exchanges are a uniquely rich signifier of cultural interaction. Hosts have the chance to run into people from all over the universe without go forthing place. Surfers, or travellers, are able to take part in the local life of the topographic points they visit. The CouchSurfing community continues to spread out its skylines. Members are ever happening more ways to link and larn about each other. Every twenty-four hours, people across the universe portion java, bivouacing trips, meetings, linguistic communication exchanges, treatments and all kinds of other experiences. Who and how tallies CouchSurfing? Casey Fenton launched the site on Jan 1, 2003 with co-founders: Dan Hoffer, Sebastien LeTuan, and Leonardo Bassani de Silveira. Casey continues to assist CouchSurfing as Executive Director of the organisation. The CouchSurfing organisation has no physical location. Alternatively, it exists in the coactions of diverse people from around the universe. The strategic way of the Couchsurfing organisation is composed by a Board of Director and a Strategy Team. Each member of these two groups brings different specialised accomplishments. Members of scheme squad: Casey Fenton, co-founder and Executive Director ; Mattthew Brauer, General Manager ; Jim Stone, Chief Operations Officer ; Weston Hankins, Chief Technological Officer ; Cameron Mills, Project Portfolio Manager. There besides some full-time employees and contractors. They have a assortment of functions from edifice and keeping the web site to forming fundss. Finally, some portion clip voluntaries help them to pull off the organisation. They are Couchsurfing members and they greet new members, report website bugs and answer member inquiries. CouchSurfing is a non-profit organisation, funded wholly by the contributions of members. Harmonizing to the web site, every month, 1000s of CouchSurfers choose to back up the community by acquiring verified, an individuality cheque that includes a contribution. Other members choose to do independent or extra contributions. Contributions help to pay for the costs of running the web site, like waiter hosting, storage, database care, mapping package, and many other costs [ 2 ] . Each positive experience between members costs 24? USD in CouchSurfing operating costs. The end of CouchSurfing has neer been about money, and utilizing the site is free to all members. CouchSurfing s non-profit position lawfully means that all resources must be spent straight on accomplishing the mission instead than making net income for private involvements. Few statistics 1775916 Couchserfers are going sharing places in the universes. There are 236 states represented and 70637 metropoliss for 318 linguistic communications spoken. The 10 states most visited are United States with 395657 visitants that represent 22,3 % of couchsurfers, Germany with 168807 visitants ( 9,5 % ) , France with 150939 visitants ( 8,5 % ) , United Kingdom 85587 visitants ( 4,8 % ) , Canada 85544 visitants ( 4,8 % ) , Australia 50821 visitants ( 2,9 % ) , Italy 50652 visitants ( 2,9 % ) , Spain 48858 visitants ( 2,8 % ) , Brazil 48503 visitants ( 2,7 % ) and Netherland 35661 visitants ( 2 % ) . We note that about all continent are represented in the top-ten, except Asia but China merely come in 12th place. Sing the most visited metropoliss Paris is on first place, so London and Berlin comes on 3rd place. The mean age of surfboarders is 28 and 85 % of surfboarders have between 18 and 35. Our sentiment Couchsurfing is a meaningful new manner of going. It creates connexions between civilizations and can enrich lives of everybody. It is more than a manner of going it is a manner of populating with many values like exchange without net income. We think that couchsurfing is a door to see new point of position and new civilization by going or welcoming. It is besides a tool to go more particularly for immature people. Indeed, even if it could be less comfy than hotel room, it is free. Travel aid to construct head and this manner of going license to go more, further and better. Partie de Reb New finish appears Bulgaria Bulgaria is a little state in south-eastern Europe. It have frontiers with Romania, Serbia, Macedonia, Greece and Turkey. This state owns seashores on Black sea. The clime and the alleviation license to develop a big figure of touristic merchandises. In 2000 the figure of visitants were 2100000, it addition and there were 6000000 tourers in 2008. Bulgaria s assets The natural landscape is one of the most of import assets. First, mountains and high extremum are attractive for ski touristry. Most of the 44 ski resorts are located in western state around Sofia, the capital metropolis. The most celebrated are: Aleko ski centre on Vitosha mountain at 22 kilometer of Sofia s metropolis centre with 29km of ski tallies, Borovets ski resort on Rila mountains that is a high category resort with luxury hotels, Bansko in Pirin mountain, that s one of the new ski resort in Bulgaria with 56 kilometers of ski tallies and a great off piste skiing, Pamporovo ski resort in the bosom of Rodopa Mountain is the southernmost resort in Europe. Then, we can happen the Black Sea Coast celebrated for its mulct sanded beaches, and perfect temperatures of H2O and air. The northern and the southern seashore are different. On the north tourers can happen clean and unagitated sea surrounded beaches with all right grain aureate littorals. The most celebrated and the most frequented sea side resort are Golden Sand, Albena, Roussalka, Riviera, Slanchev Den ( Sunny Day ) , St.Konstantin and Elena. On the South, picturesque bays and steep stones coexist with broad beaches and sand dune. The seashore provides fantastic nature and modern buildings on vacation small towns like Elenite, Sunny beach, Nessebur, Sopozol Rural touristry is another signifier nowadays in Bulgaria but less important. An unconventional signifier of touristry Health touristry is a great portion of touristry in Bulgaria. With over 600 mineral springs with temperature between 10 A ; deg ; C and 120 A ; deg ; C, Bulgaria is a thermic finish. Pavel Banya, Hisar, Velingrad, Narechen, Vurshets, Kyustendil and Momin Prohod, near Kostenets are the most celebrated of the wellness resort. They treat different diseases like bronchial asthma, perturbations of locomotors system, cardiovascular diseases, neurological upsets Another Health or medical touristry exists in many signifiers. Peoples travel in Bulgaria for medical, dental or surgery attention, particularly from United States and developed state where medical intervention are more and more expensive. Health Tourism is a combination of health and health care coupled with leisure and relaxation. Diet Center: Some tourers travel to lose weight and the most celebrated clinic is located in the sea side resort of St-Konstantin and Elena. A stay in the clinic last between 10 and 20 yearss and cost between 500 and 2000 Euros including providing in hotel, a medical audience, medical tests and a diet plan for each patient. Fictile surgery: It attracts tourers because of the low monetary value and the quality of services. In the center of 90 s a batch of clinics have opened and a high competition appear. The clinics managers had to put in high engineering and high qualified staff. As illustration a chest augmentation cost on mean 6000 Euros in France, England or Germany and merely 2500 Euros in Bulgaria. Tooth attention: The monetary values are cheaper than in Western Europe because they are alining on Bulgarian criterion of life. We can happen a batch of good clinics in large metropoliss like Sofia, Burgas, Varna and Plovdiv. Some circuit operator offer medical trip to their clients, they organize the whole stay. Global medical travel in USA and BGmedical travel in Bulgaria are specialized on medical travel. Our sentiment Harmonizing to us, it could be interesting to go abroad for surgery or medical attention. Indeed, in many Hesperian states a batch of people are underinsured or uninsured. It means that many people have to pay for their medical attention. Harmonizing to a Harvard survey, in USA half of personal bankruptcies are related to medical disbursals. We think that it s sometimes the lone solution to bring around decay. Peoples have to be careful. First of all, they must look into the process and comparison with their outlooks, inquire about follow-up attention needed, clip required for recovery, physical therapy etc Then, they have to choose the infirmary by sing its accreditation, awards and acknowledgments, installation and equipments and statistics like success rates. Finally, it s indispensable to heck the enfranchisements, preparation and reputation of the sawbones. www.couchsurfing.com Attached papers N A ; deg ; 1: Couchsurfing International, Inc. Income and Expense statement 2008 These statistics are generated on March, 31th 2010 at 5:37 am.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 14

Strategic Management - Essay Example The company’s mission statement claims, â€Å"To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world.† In a statement, Bill Bowerman, who is among the founders of the company, states, "if you have a body, you are an athlete† (Nike 2014). Nike integrates Bowerman’s statement as part of the company’s mission statement. Among the key values of the company is its aspiration â€Å"to deliver growth in the right way† through the development of sustainable strategies that are capital-efficient, profitable, and enhance the company’s brands(Nike 2014). These are among the company’s core values of developing brand-enhancing initiatives. Despite Nike’s stand on brand-enhancing initiatives, its production and growth strategies were harming the company’s image. The labor crisis in Indonesia almost destroyed Nike’s corporate image (Braddock 2011) The company’s use of contracted sweatshops was among the issues that contributed towards the development of a negative image towards the company. Nike took measures aimed at enhancing the company’s brands and its market sustainability including aiding the creation of the Fair Labor Association (Nike 2008). Consequently, the emergence of issues concerning practices in its affiliates factories led to comprehensive audits of its factories across the world. Though various issues emerged after the audit, Nike has since taken measures to prevent the recurrence of such issues in the future. Rindova & Kotha (2001) contend that firms co-evolve their organizational form and function to maintain a competitive edge in a dynamic environment.Nike’s competitive strategy is the unique differentiation of its products and focuses on sustaining the brand to grow its operations across the world markets. The organization’s growth depends on strategies that focus on enhancing the core competencies in

Australian Legal Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Australian Legal Professional Practice - Essay Example Further, the education and training of legal practitioners may also be necessary in other areas – where more personal, moral know-how and judgment may be necessary. This may be required – as the operations of the legal framework often will call for informed opinions and in-depth know-how – mainly due to the dynamics of human relations and the modern society, which make up the epicenter of legal practice. One of these areas that really call for legal ethics and professional responsibility from lawyers is that of the nature, dynamics, and the effects of family violence, where areas like sexual assault – found at the center of the family violence context is given critical regard and review. In support of the personal responsibility to be exercised by lawyers in this area, is that consistent definitive meanings of family aggression across the varied legislative schemes – namely the state and regions need to be clearly understood. This is the case, as a common understanding of the types of the varied conduct that constitute or amount to family violence is to be formed or understood. The professional responsibility of the lawyers is also called upon, in the cases where implementation gaps are evident – for example in the area of sexual assault, mainly because written law and the practice in operation often are not in line with each other. Such a case is traceable in the case where some individuals, parties or localities give consideration to myths and misconceptions related to the nature and the dynamics to be considered.... This paper will be a documentation of the justification for this varied approach in the practice of law – which is supposed to provide a more accommodative field of practice, and give reasons and justifications as to why it is not enough for a lawyer to simply follow the guidelines of legal practice. The paper will also explain on what other sources or resources may be useful towards a more effective legal practice – with reference to Australian legal practice (Milne 112)(Zines 130). The basic proposition in question is that lawyers – despite being guided by the Legal practice guidelines, have to employ their ethical and professional sense of responsibility in the making or arriving at distinctive resolutions. This is the case, as the guidelines simply offer a basic framework within which the ultimate decision is to tend – but not any definite resolutions regarding the issues at hand. In this case, the moral and professional judgment of the lawyers is to b e put to use – in defining the appropriate course of action or decision to be taken, for the case at hand. This paper’s argument is fully in agreement with the basic proposition in question – and will be backed up by solid evidence to precisely show how the personal – as well as the moral judgment of the Lawyer are a major requirement in legal practice, if only legal practice is to be completely accommodative of each case and legal situation (Howard 75). Further, the education and training of legal practitioners may also be necessary in other areas – where more personal, moral know-how and judgment may be necessary. This may be required – as the operations of the legal framework often will call for informed opinions and in-depth know-how – mainly due

Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢Race †¢Ethnicity †¢Religion †¢Gender †¢Sexual orientation †¢Age †¢Disability CategoryStereotype 1Stereotype 2Stereotype 3 RaceAll Hispanics are gang bangers. Black people are good at basketball. White people cannot dance. GenderWomen are responsible for raising the childrenWomen are not as smart as men. Women should not be race car drivers. Sexual OrientationGay men have HIVGay men are all sissiesAll lesbians have short spiky hair Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? I think there may only be one positive effect to stereotyping. If we look at a group, we can use stereotypes to categorize these groups. We can then identify if there is a problem, and help that group to overcome oppression. If we do not recognize that a certain group is being discriminated against we cannot fix the problem. †¢What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? Most stereotypes seem to have a negative tone towards the group of people they are intended for. Those types of stereotypes can be hurtful because they are opinions that are not the truth. Stereotypes can also affect the way people think about themselves and how they interact with others, for example Muslims are stereotyped as terrorist therefore people avoid Muslims all together. (Schaefer,2012). Part IIIÃ'Ž Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. The difference between stereotyping and prejudice is that stereotyping is an over-generalization about an entire group assuming that since one person who is of that group does or acts a certain way, the rest of that group does the same. Prejudice is disliking or favoring an entire group because of their race, ethnic, or religious background. An example of stereotyping is all people who have mental disorders are crazy. A prejudice example is that women do not belong in the work force but at home in the kitchen (Schaefer, R. , 2012). †¢What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? When one holds onto the belief or believes the truth behind a stereotype, it can eventually turn into prejudice. Judging one’s actions to the point that the whole group acts or thinks the same way based on that one action can lead to something worse than just a belief or opinion. Profiling an entire group because of one’s action can lead to misunderstandings, wrongful deaths, and wrongful criminalization. Both stereotyping and discrimination are based on generalizations. †¢What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? Programs promoting that every person regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background are our equals and unique in his or her own personality. Our media plays a huge role in prejudice in going along with the stereotypes that have been around for decades. If we avoid feeding the stereotypes into our movies, magazines, etc.people will be able to see more diversity as everyday regular. Getting involved in your community is another way to help prevent prejudice. Communicate with your neighbors and people within your community to help bring a sense of togetherness regardless of what your races, religion, or ethnic backgrounds maybe. We also need to teach our children that differences between people are what make life interesting and fun Schaefer, R. , 2012)! Schaefer,R. ,(2012) Racial and Ethnics Groups 13th Edition, Merrill Prentice HallÃ'Ž

Mans Search for the Purpose of Life Essay -- Religion Christianity Ha

Man's Search for the Purpose of Life Man is in search of happiness, but has no peace of mind. Even if he succeeds in achieving his objectives, he remains dissatisfied. His search for peace and happiness, therefore, never ends. Saint Augustine says that God gave us the senses for using them properly, but we misuse them by indulging in sensual pleasures; whereas the bliss for which we should have striven remains enshrined in scriptures only. Man is an ensouled entity gifted with body, mind, and intellect. He takes good care of his body for the sake of his domestic, social, and political well-being. Intellectually, he has made strident advances. He has successfully explored the earth, oceans, and space and has made atomic bombs. A single atom bomb can destroy millions. Strangely enough, with all his achievements he remains ignorant about the prime source of energy from which his body and mind derive their strength - soul - his true self. He has so much identified himself with the body that he is unable to distinguish his soul from the body. In fact, he does not know that his real self is something separate from the body. Have we ever thought about the propelling force in us? Have we recognized the indweller of the house? Soul is a conscious entity. Just as any essence has its basic source, soul too has an ultimate source — the Oversoul — a vast Ocean of All-Consciousness. The entire universe is His manifestation. The soul is identified with the material body by constant association with the senses. Man does not know that he can have true happiness only when he is able to disfranchise the self in him from the outer vestures. He is so much entangled with the mind and body that he ever remains unhappy and restless. Soul being conscious and body being material, these cannot coexist amiably. We pretend to be religious by reading the scriptures without knowing their true import and by offering ceremonial prayers at the places of worship. All that we worship is physical health and worldly riches. We aspire for material well-being and not for God-realization. It is said that once Majnu, a legendary lover, was told that God wished to see him. Majnu replied if that was so, God must come in the form of Lila, his beloved. Most of us offer our prayers to God only because we want to fulfill our worldly ambitions. We seek God's blessings to become physical and intellec... ...piritual experience will continue to grow until a luminous form of the Master appears within. He will talk to you and guide you. On getting proper guidance from the Master, devote adequate time to meditation and mold your life according to the Master's teachings. We must have tenacity of purpose as we cannot afford to slacken our efforts in our present state when we have yet to rise above body-consciousness. Finally, Swami Ji explains what is Naam (the Word), what is the destination, and what is our ideal? He says that our aim is to merge our soul with Sat Naam (true Word), the Eternal Nameless God Power. We have first to rise above body-consciousness and get the lowest link. After gradually traversing the various higher planes, the soul will finally reach where there is nothing but All-Truth. The three regions—primal, subtle, and causal are destructible. Beyond these three regions is Satlok or Sachkhand which is the abode of the Almighty. This is our goal and we must achieve it. Jesus Christ a the time of leaving His immortal frame, instructed His disciples first to accomplish what He had taught them. The human birth has given you a golden opportunity. Make the best use of it.

All over but the shoutin

Over but the Shoutin' In the excerpt from the memoir All Over but the Shoutin' , the author Rick Bragg highlights the moment when he paid a final visit to his father's deathbed. In the excerpt, Bragg briefly described his childhood, saying his father abandoned his wife and sons, and left them to beg, and scrap for food and money. He saw his father as a drunken monster, not caring for anyone but himself. Initially when Bragg arrived he was hesitant.He did not know the person his father had become and worried the erson he still was. Bragg was perplex about the state of his father. His father was physically unrecognizable and was not the man he had remembered. Bragg thought his father would be young, dressed nice and cleaned up very well. This was not the case. Bragg described his father as â€Å"the walking dead†, damaged and poisoned. He was no longer the man and monster Bragg had despised. Instead, a brittle snake skin of a man.In the end Bragg left with three gifts; a rifle, case full of books from his ather and a sense of somewhat forgiveness towards his father. After reading All Over but the Shoutin', there was a lack of acknowledgement father to son. Although his father was fragile, Bragg wanted so badly to question his manhood; make him feel the pain he once felt because of him. He wanted his father to say he was sorry and admit to his wrongdoings. Braggs needed his father to acknowledge his mistakes. I sensed Bragg knew a coward could and would never do so.

Business Regulations

Business Entities, Laws, and Regulations Paper Dorian Rowe BUS/415 Shaun Koenig November 14, 2011 Businesses in every industry have to deal with entities, laws, and regulations. Management teams have to take into account items such as consideration of control, taxation, and liability issues among others. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the restaurant/bar, professional practice, and construction scenarios. For each scenario the business entity that represents the best choice for each business, ownership structure, taxation, and liability issues for consideration. Identification of laws and regulations each business must consider in starting the business, and identification of risks against which each business must protect itself will also be examined for each scenario. Scenario 1 Cynthia and Mark plan to open a sports bar and restaurant where customers socialize and watch sporting events on large-screen TVs that hang around the bar. They do not have much money, but they do have Sandra, a wealthy investor who does not have time to participate in the business, but wants to provide capital to start the business in return for a percentage ownership (University of Phoenix, 2010). The business entity that represents the best choice for this business is a general partnership that two or more people can form. Taking control would consist with the three co-owners to make a partnership agreement in which each partner has equal rights in which to participate in the managing and controlling of the business. A majority rules over disagreements within the partnership situation and amendments to the agreement would require consent from all three owners. Each individual is responsible for his or her tax forms. Liability issues that should be taken into consideration include the unlimited personal liability for company loses, for a partner’s debts, for a partner’s transgressions. Laws and regulations the business must consider in starting the business deal with duration that technically a general partnership terminates with withdrawal of a co-owner, death or disability and sharing profits. Scenario 2 Renaldo and Naomi have just completed all educational and experiential requirements to be licensed as obstetricians. They want to open a birth clinic together. They will take out a large loan to finance start-up costs (University of Phoenix, 2010). Renaldo and Naomi are newly license as obstetricians and want to open a birth clinic together. Both will need to take out a huge loan to finance their start-up amounts. Renaldo and Naomi would be best to create a limited liability partnership (LLP) to organize their business. By forming the LLP, the partners protect themselves from liability beyond their initial capital contribution should the partnership fail or face a lawsuit. Members of an LLP are also not personally liable for the malpractice of one partner and states require LLP to carry substantial liability insurance in exchange for this limited liability. The limited liability protects Renaldo and Naomi from taking personal responsibility for the loan they will take out should the business become insolvent (Cheeseman, 2010). Forming an LLP ensures that Renaldo and Naomi retain control of their business because they are the only shareholders. For tax purposes, an LLP is not taxed as a separate entity so Akiva Renaldo and Naomi will only pay tax for the business profits on their individual tax returns. To form their LLP, Renaldo and Naomi will need to write and file articles of partnership in the state in which they wish to operate. If they choose to conduct business in another state, they will first need to register as a foreign LLP with that state. Organizing their business as a limited liability partnership offers Renaldo and Naomi the best combination of liability protection, tax benefits, and control of their business (Cheeseman, 2010). Scenario 3 Mei-Lin is the hiring manager for Surebuild, Inc. , a new construction company. She has advertised a position as a jackhammer operator. The position’s description states that the successful applicant must have a high school diploma. The following people apply for the position: Donna, 35, who appears to be pregnant, is a high school graduate, and was formerly employed as a jackhammer operator; Duane, 55, who is experienced with a jackhammer, but has no high school diploma; Rick, who is 38, does not speak English, has no high school diploma, but is experienced with a jackhammer; and Jennifer, 23, a college graduate, who is epileptic and has no experience with a jackhammer (University of Phoenix, 2010). Duane and Rick automatically do not qualify because they do not have a high school diploma that is a specified requirement in the job description. Donna and Jennifer do because they each have a diploma and from there the employee with the most experience should be hired. As an epileptic the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects Jennifer, but because Donna has experience and Jennifer does not Donna is more qualified. Although Donna is pregnant the employment law and regulation with which the business must comply in making a decision would be the amended 1964 Pregnancy Discrimination Act from the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act covers employers with more than 15 employees including local and state government governments, employment agencies, labor organizations. The basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions constitutes unlawful sex discrimination under Title VII, and to the federal government. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act says that an employer simply cannot refuse to hire a woman who is pregnant because of pregnancy, pregnancy-related conditions or because of the bias of fellow coworkers or customers. In this scenario Donna is fully qualified for the job because of her high school diploma and her previous experience as a jackhammer operator, therefore; pregnancy cannot be the reason she is not hired. Each business decision is unique and requires research to determine what solution is correct for the business. Every organization must consider the different types of business entities, laws, and regulations before and during operating. Laws and regulations provide the framework to compliance of local, state, and federal business laws. Stakeholder understanding and knowledge of these laws is essential to compliance. Documented training and retraining of management and employees should ensure compliance. References Cheeseman, H. R. (2010). The legal environment of business and online commerce (6th ed. ). Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC. aspx? assetdataid=fb9bdcea-ca02-48cc-b883-c1cf12695559&assetmetaid=61859383-2c36-48f5-8ac2-4a24e5c61e14 University of Phoenix. (2010). Syllabus. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, BUS 415 website

Describe a memorable character in the text Billy Elliot Essays

Describe a memorable character in the text Billy Elliot Essays Describe a memorable character in the text Billy Elliot Essay Describe a memorable character in the text Billy Elliot Essay Essay Topic: The Piano Lesson Eleven-year-old Billy lives with his father Jacky, older brother Tony, both coal miners, and his frail Nana in a mining town in the north of England. Life is not easy; the miners are on strike and times are tough. In this mining community boys are expected to do tough sports like boxing. Billy tries to fit in the world of his father Jacky and Brother Tony. Billy goes to boxing lessons every week though he is not very good at it and his heart is in Ballet. He is passionate about dancing and we are shown this in the opening scene of the movie, where we are shown a close up of hand putting long play on turntable song I was dancing when I was 12. Then Billy bounces on bed where we again see a close up of his face, arms, hands and feet Sunflowers on wallpaper, yellow T short, green shorts describes the mood of exhilaration and shows a sense of joy in his own body, in the music. He shows an uninhibited delight in his body and in the music that inspires him. We see his sensitivity through the treatment of his grandmother. Billy is responsible to take care of her nana. When Billy realizes that his nana is missing he comes out of the back door towards the camera, up to the street, little girl in the blue watches him, he pauses and then a close up of Billys feet are shown running away from camera. In shrubby area Billy sees her and runs to her. He puts a hand on her shoulder, she turns and is frightened and lost, and Billy takes her hand and leads her pas the camera which stays on a wide shot of trees and shadowy vans and police on the roads above. In every scene with his Nana he is shown to be affectionate and caring His tolerance is shown when Billy accepts Michael for his sexuality. Unlike his father and brother he is able to express his feelings through the dance. The director shows this when Jacky finds out about his ballet classes. His dance of defiance to his father is one of the most significant. It not only tells us and his dad that dancing is what he is about, it also defeats his fathers fears and prejudice. The dance of defiance to his fathers also shows his stubbornness. It was also shown early in the movie when he continues to play piano even his father stops him. The unthinking violence of his father and brother and their narrow minded view of the world make him lie rather than risk confrontation. This was shown in the starting when Tony takes off his earphones, complains that Billy has been playing his records and hits him. Billy denies it a lie and complains about Tonys smoking dope. The director uses darkness in the same room where Billy was dancing in the opening scene of movie to foreshadow the relationship between Billy and his brother and to also show the darker side of the movie. Billy lies automatically which indicates that he is going to be deceitful over many things to avoid confrontation.

3 Cases of Erroneous Use of Colons

3 Cases of Erroneous Use of Colons 3 Cases of Erroneous Use of Colons 3 Cases of Erroneous Use of Colons By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, a colon is employed in the mistaken belief that the sentence structure requires it, when in fact the syntax renders it superfluous. Discussion after each example explains why a colon is inappropriate, and a revision demonstrates proper punctuation of the sentence. 1. The network is terminating all its business ties to his media company, which includes: ending its distribution of his new program, renaming the original show, and separating itself from his merchandise website. A colon should precede a list only when what precedes the colon is a complete sentence. This error is easily rectified by inserting the object â€Å"the following† before it, but a better solution is to simply omit the colon: â€Å"The network is terminating all its business ties to his media company, which includes ending its distribution of his new program, renaming the original show, and separating itself from his merchandise website.† 2. The piece was widely criticized for, among other things: failing to provide crucial context, an apparent unfamiliarity with terminology, failing to verify several claims, and failing to note that the paper had previously published a similar profile of the organization’s cofounder. As in the previous example, the writer assumed that a list must be preceded by a colon, but the punctuation is intrusive when it interrupts the syntactical flow of the sentence. In this case, a comma, not a colon, should follow the parenthetical phrase â€Å"among other things† to complement the comma preceding the phrase: â€Å"The piece was widely criticized for, among other things, failing to provide crucial context, an apparent unfamiliarity with terminology, failing to verify several claims, and failing to note that the paper had previously published a similar profile of the organization’s cofounder.† 3. They understand that, to paraphrase something British statesman Winston Churchill once said: Success is not final, failure is not fatal, and it is the courage to continue that counts. Here, the assumption is that the proper punctuation for separating an attribution from the quotation (or, in this case, paraphrase) attributed is a colon, but again, what precedes the colon must be a complete sentence, such as â€Å"Here is a paraphrase of what British statesman Winston Churchill once said† (clumsy, but syntactically sound). In addition, because the paraphrase is integrated syntactically into the sentence, capitalization of the first word is erroneous: â€Å"They understand that, to paraphrase something British statesman Winston Churchill once said, success is not final, failure is not fatal, and it is the courage to continue that counts.† (Without the attribution, the sentence would be styled â€Å"They understand that success is not final, failure is not fatal, and it is the courage to continue that counts.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SThat vs. Which48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

Marketing Cases Problem Solving Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Cases Problem Solving - Case Study Example A.1. can also try to develop its own tie-ups with the distributors of its product, like the grocery stores and restaurants. For instance, A.1. could concentrate on building up a superior communication network between itself and its distributors and suppliers so that they can understand each others' needs. It is very crucial for A.1. to retain the major percentage of shelf space within grocery stores since this has an express correlation with the sales level of an item. The company can carry out a small research to find out the exact optimal position for its products within the shelf layout. It can then quest for that position to be granted by its distributors. A.1. should guarantee that the situation of its product's kiosks is in elevated traffic areas and that they are easily reached. When the firm is trying to obtain partnerships with restaurants, it should emphasize the fact that "9 out of 10 steakhouses serve A.1." (Kerin and Peterson 631). Also, the display of A.1. Steak Sauce on a table motivates 70% of consumers to think about steak (A.1. Sauce Derives Its Name From Utterance of a King, 15). The firm can also go in for promotion of its product by offering a free product such as a spatula with a bottle of A1. But the firm has to be careful in dealing with such giveaways by announcing that the consumer's who submit their information to the company will only be given the additional product free. A.1 could simultaneously promote its product at the venue and date which Lawry's has chosen for its launch. The company can also try its hands at sponsoring barbeques outside the games venue throughout March Madness. A.1. could also organize barbeques at the exterior of large grocery store chains, such as Publix, predominantly on the Memorial Day weekend. The company normally makes use of around 15% of its operating revenue on advertising (Kerin and Peterson 633). This is a sturdy budget to promote its steak sauce. The firm's should also plan for its advertising goals and it should see to it that the frequency of such ads increases and it get more penetration power. Giving a free spatula would also incite psychological reactions from consumers. Asking the customers to propose their personal information before receiving the free giveaway would help the firm in expanding its customer relationship management database. Carrying on barbeques outside college basketball games throughout March Madness would comprise sufficient exposure for the firm. Finally, the firm could work to package A.1. or use the sauce as an ingredient in other Kraft products in order to enlarge their customer base. For instance, the firm can combine A.1. Steak Sauce with Oscar Meyer meat or Lunchable products. Reference: 1. Kerin, Roger, and Robert Peterson. Strategic Marketing Problems: Cases and Comments. 11th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. 2. "A.1. Sauce Derives Its Name From Utterance of a King." Metropolitan News-Enterprise 18 Nov 2004 15. 13 Apr 2007 . 3. "Vision and Values." Kraft Foods. 10 Apr 2007. Kraft Foods International. 10 Apr 2007 . Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Case Analysis The research on Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company gives us a clean picture as to why sometimes one has to keep on constantly

The Politics of a New Industrial Order Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Politics of a New Industrial Order - Essay Example elieved that every individual is equal and no one should be treated unequally in the society so they struggled to remove corruption and influence of rich people on the society. They also aimed to increase the government-public relationship so that there will be no communication gaps between and the problems of people could be solved. (Ideas and movements, 19th Century) To carry on with their motives and beliefs the progressives used different tactics. Many intellectuals wrote about the horrors of poverty, urban slums, dangerous factory conditions, and child labor to inform the people and get their support which was needed for the movement to succeed. The next major thing in the early reform period was abolitionism that is the force to remove slavery from the society. It also prohibited the intake of intoxicants as it pollutes the mind. After that was the struggle for the rights of women and the decreasing value of rural areas. After that it was the turn of social Darwinism to be removed from the society. This step was taken to loosen the grip of wealthy people on the society. The movement benefitted the people by loosening the power of their bosses on them. It helped them in getting rid of the gentry. The steps to stop labor exploitation gave safer work environment to the workers and this dropped the death rate. Different acts that were passed helped the investors (Sherman Antitrust Act 1890). Apart from benefits, the movement had some drawbacks. It triggered long work hours as the economy was expanding and the labor worked for very long hours. The next flaw was that by increasing the public-government relationship, the movement increased the chances of corruption and bribery. The movement encouraged schooling but at that time the industry had a great influence due to which the intellectual became reluctant to teach and thus the students became reluctant to study.

What are the 3 key factors to consider when buying merchandise for a Essay

What are the 3 key factors to consider when buying merchandise for a high street fashion brand such as Topshop - Essay Example As buying occurs in set periods it’s further necessary to have significant foresight. Another prominent factor that buyers must consider is quality control (Goworek 2005, p. 9). While there is generally a quality control department it’s recognized that they contribute to finalizing the aesthetic aspects of the fit, shape, length and proportion of the garment; additionally, it may be necessary to test the fabric to ensure that it matches the end retailer’s standards. The final factor that buyers must consider when purchasing merchandise for a high street fashion brand is progressive sales of past brands (Goworek 2005, p. 17). This is a slightly complex notion as it necessitates that buyers consider the specific sales of garments in the range and recognize then effectively manage these purchases in the context of future buying patterns. While it may not always be possible to purchase the same garments the buyer can match specific trends within these ranges accordin g to retail tendencies to achieve maximum

Finance 3301 questions Essay Example for Free

Finance 3301 questions Essay Broussard Skateboard’s sales are expected to increase by 15% from $8 million in 2012 to $9. 2 million in 2013. Its assets totaled $5 million at the end of 2012. Broussard is already at full capacity, so its assets must grow at the same rate as projected sales. At the end of 2012, current liabilities were $1. 4 million, consisting of $450,000 of accounts payable, $500,000 of notes payable, and $450,000 of accruals. The after-tax profit margin is forecasted to be 6%, and the forecasted payout ratio is 40%. Use the AFN equation to forecast Brous- sard’s additional funds needed for the coming year. Required increase in assets – Increase in spontaneous liabilities – Increase in retained earnings = AFN AFN=($5/$8)*$1. 2 – ($1. 4/$8)*$1. 2-$9. 2*6%*(1-40%)=0. 75 0. 21 – 0. 33=21% Chapter 10 Tony Company’s balance sheet shows $300 million in debt, $50 million in preferred stock, and $250 million in total common equity. Tony Company`s tax rate is 40%, rd =6%,rPS =5%,andrs =10%. If Tony Company get capital structure of 30% debt, 5% preferred stock, and 65% common stock, what is its WACC? Wd=30% ; Wps=5%; Ws=65% WACC=Wd*rd*(1-T)+Wps*rps+ws*rs=30%*6%(1-40%)+5%*5%+65%*10%=0. 0108+0. 000125+0. 065=7. 59% What kinds of the T-bonds is the best proxy for the risk-free rate is the yield on? Answer: A A, long-term B, short-term C, No one Chapter 11 A company creates value when the spread between EROIC and WACC is positive—that is, when Answer: B A, EROIC ? WACC = 0 B, EROIC ? WACC 0; C, EROIC ? WACC